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Education Yesterday, Education Tomorrow

This volume of Daedalus, the Journal of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, presents a collection of essays focused on the critical examination of the American educational system. Contributors explore the history, current state, and future prospects of education, addressing themes of educational reform, policy challenges, school performance, and the transformative power of learning in the knowledge era. The articles offer diverse perspectives from experts in various fields to analyze the complexities and necessary changes within educational institutions, providing insights into both systemic flaws and potential pathways for sustainable improvement and innovation.

Cultural Nationalism and the Irish Literary Revival

The article explores the impact of cultural nationalism on the Irish Literary Revival, revisiting familiar themes in the light of contemporary theories of nationalism and testing their validity in the Irish context. The author examines the interplay between political and cultural identity, analyzing the work of influential writers such as Yeats, Shaw, Joyce, and Beckett. It delves into the historical encounter between Britain and Ireland, the construction of Irishness, and how twentieth-century Irish writers engaged with concepts of nationhood, distinctiveness, and resistance against the backdrop of a changing political landscape and the aftermath of colonial influence.

Cross-linguistic evidence and the licensing of implicit arguments

This paper discusses the occurrence and the licensing of implicit object arguments, also referred to as null complements or understood arguments. The authors argue against purely functionalist accounts that rely exclusively on general pragmatic principles, suggesting that these are insufficient to explain the phenomenon. They propose a two-stage model consisting of a lexical-syntactic and an interpretational-pragmatic component, and emphasize the importance of cross-linguistic data in developing a satisfactory theory. The paper also reviews Fillmore's lexical-syntactic approach and his classification of indefinite and definite null complements, while applying these concepts to various examples.

Corpora and historical linguistics

The article aims to survey and assess the current state of electronic historical corpora and corpus methodology, while exploring possible future developments. It highlights the emergence of historical corpus linguistics as a vibrant field that has significantly enhanced the study of language history and change. The text discusses the transition from pre-electronic to electronic corpus-based research, the rationale behind the corpus linguistic approach, and the importance of stratified, balanced corpora. It also addresses the role of electronic resources in facilitating the empirical study of language variation and change, offering insights into systematic analysis and the integration of language-theoretical considerations in modern linguistic research.

Constitución de un corpus de semántica verbal del español. Metodología de anotación de núcleos argumentales

El presente artículo detalla la metodología y el desarrollo del proyecto de desambiguación semántica de los núcleos argumentales de SenSem, un corpus equilibrado constituido por 100 oraciones para cada uno de los 250 verbos más frecuentes del español. El resultado, unido a desarrollos anteriores del proyecto, es un corpus ricamente etiquetado con información sintáctica y semántica, conectado a una base de datos que recoge la información pertinente para cada sentido verbal, por lo que el recurso resultante es adecuado para estudios empíricos centrados en el verbo. Se presenta asimismo un análisis crítico de WordNet 1.6 del español como recurso de anotación lexico-semántica de corpus y una guía de criterios de anotación, ambos de utilidad para tareas similares de etiquetado con WordNet.

Computer-Assisted Language Learning and the Revolution in Computational Linguistics

This article examines the historical relationship between Computational Linguistics (CL) and Computer-Assisted Language Learning (CALL), arguing that for a long period they developed independently due to CL's preoccupation with Natural Language Understanding (NLU). The author explores how the 1990s crisis in NLU-oriented approaches led to a more problem-oriented paradigm, creating new opportunities for integration between the fields and demonstrating why recent revolutions in CL offer promising perspectives for the future of CALL.

Computer-aided technical translation workflows - man-machine in the construction and transfer of corporate knowledge

This paper provides an overview of the latest workflow patterns leading to multilingual technical documentation production and management. The author examines how the role of the translator is evolving, moving from an isolated role to a collaborative one involving pre-editing, machine translation and other technologically-driven competencies. The article discusses the GILT (Globalisation, Internationalisation, Localisation and Translation) framework, the importance of culturally informed translation competence, and the challenges these developments pose for universities and professional training institutions. The text emphasizes that man-machine cooperation is essential for the effective transfer of corporate knowledge in today's globalized market.

Comment traduire les noms d’émotion. Etude contrastive entre le grec moderne et le français

Cet article présente une étude contrastive sur l'expression des sentiments en grec moderne et en français, en se focalisant sur les noms prédicatifs exprimant une émotion. L'objectif est d'établir des équivalences entre les lexiques des deux langues en examinant les propriétés syntaxiques et lexicales des constructions, tout en prenant en compte les modalités aspectuelles, stylistiques et les spécifications des registres de langue liées aux éléments lexicaux tels que les verbes supports et les déterminants nominaux.

Budaya Lokal dan Hegemoni Negara: Legitimasi Kuasa di Balik Kearifan Lokal

Buku ini membahas secara mendalam mengenai dinamika hubungan antara kebudayaan lokal dan hegemoni kekuasaan negara, serta bagaimana legitimasi kuasa dibentuk melalui kearifan lokal. Analisis dalam karya ini menelaah interaksi kompleks antara masyarakat dengan tradisi mereka di tengah tekanan kebijakan dan kontrol negara. Dengan pendekatan sosiologis dan antropologis, penulis menguraikan bagaimana nilai-nilai tradisional seringkali diinterpretasikan ulang sebagai instrumen untuk memperkuat legitimasi politik serta bagaimana masyarakat lokal merespons atau bernegosiasi dengan pengaruh kekuasaan yang datang dari luar. Karya ini sangat relevan untuk memahami posisi budaya sebagai aset sekaligus medan kontestasi kekuasaan dalam konteks Indonesia kontemporer.

Berislam ala Tionghoa: Pergulatan Etnisitas dan Religiositas di Indonesia

Buku ini mengeksplorasi dinamika kompleksitas identitas Muslim Tionghoa di Indonesia pasca-Orde Baru. Penulis menyoroti bagaimana etnis Tionghoa menegosiasikan keislaman dan identitas budaya mereka dalam lanskap sosial dan politik Indonesia yang terus berubah. Dengan pendekatan etnografis, buku ini mengungkap praktik keagamaan, arsitektur masjid, serta peran figur-figur publik Tionghoa dalam narasi Islam kontemporer, sekaligus mematahkan stereotip mengenai pertentangan antara identitas Tionghoa dan keislaman.

AVERAGE VALUES OF PHRASE IN DIFFERENT SEVERITIES OF PHONOLOGICAL DISORDER

Purpose: to check the influence of severity arising from the phonological disorder related to semantics and morphosyntax. Method: the sample consisted of 14 children aged between 4:0 and 7:0 years, with phonological disorder. We carried out the child’s phonological assessment, and the phonological disorder was classified according to the Percentage of Correct Consonants Revised, based on the Percentage of Correct Consonants, which classifies the severity of the phonological disorder in mild, mild-moderate, moderate-severe, and severe. We found that four subjects showed mild disorder, four showed mild-moderate disorder, three showed moderate-severe disorder, and three showed severe disorder. After this procedure, the children were exposed to morphosyntax and semantic evaluation, through the research on the average values of phrase, in which they collected phrases from three different language modalities: describing a picture, telling a story, and answering questions. The five phrases the children first spoke were punctuated according to their complexity. Next, we accomplished the statistical analysis through the Kruskal-Wallis non-parametric test. The significant p value is considered p<0.05. Results: there was no statistical significant difference among the different degrees of severity of the phonological disorder in the three evaluated language modalities, as related to the morphosyntax, semantics, total of construction, and total of length. Conclusion: we can conclude that the severity of the phonological disorder does not affect the children’s performance regarding morphosyntax and semantic development, because there was no statistical significance among the results. Therefore, we may suggest that other studies should be carried out in order to confirm or not such results.

Aspects of translating gender

Grammatical gender and the related concept, 'social gender', are important linguistic categories which, in this article, are used to illustrate that the translation process is not only a 'cross-cultural transfer' but also a cross-ideological transfer. By departing from the view that different languages reflect different ways of perceiving reality, it is argued here that the linguistic structure of languages with regard to gender, as well as different connotations of gender, have a considerable influence upon the translation process and, hence, on how the reader of the target language is meant to perceive reality. The article emphasizes the importance of the translator's role in analyzing gender aspects in the source text and determining the ideological impact gender connotations may have in both the source and the target text.

A SOCIALIZAÇÃO E A CRIANÇA BILÍNGUE

Este artigo tem como objetivo observar e analisar os primeiros dados coletados de uma pesquisa longitudinal com duas crianças bilíngues. Bilinguismo é, para nós, um processo análogo ao de aquisição da língua materna, em que o indivíduo adquire outra língua ao mesmo tempo, ou seja, uma mesma criança é exposta a mais de uma língua desde o nascimento. Acreditamos que a criança constrói a língua e adquire valores sociais, na troca de experiências e, essencialmente, na interação. Interessa-nos aqui, principalmente, considerar a importância da socialização no processo de aquisição da linguagem, isto é, a maneira pela qual o indivíduo torna-se membro de uma sociedade, e observar como se dá essa socialização nas duas línguas.

A propos du verbe traduire et du nom traduction

This paper deals with the main semantic and syntactic properties of the verb traduire 'to translate' and of the noun traduction 'translation'. First, the different meanings of these two words are outlined, in French and in other languages; it is shown that the Husserlian notion of "ideal object" is essential to give a real account of the linguistic properties of the noun traduction when it denotes a text translated from one language into another; furthermore, the notion of ideality is important for the study of many nouns of music or language and might be extended to the domain of fine arts.

A COMPARAÇÃO NAS EXPRESSÕES IDIOMÁTICAS

Este trabalho tem a finalidade de enfocar as estruturas idiomáticas constituídas pela figura da comparação. Seus comparantes são convencionalizados pelos usuários da língua e se ligam a propriedades adjetivas ou verbais específicas que, por sua vez, são atribuídas a sujeitos comparados, de traços semânticos também específicos. O artigo analisa as definições aristotélicas de comparação e metáfora, a relação entre elas, o papel da analogia e as restrições na transformação nominal de expressões comparativas.

20th Century American Literature: A Soviet View

This collection of essays offers a critical analysis of 20th-century American literature from a Soviet scholarly perspective. It covers a wide range of topics, including studies of major American authors like Sinclair Lewis, Theodore Dreiser, and Robert Frost, as well as analyses of American drama, poetry, and literary criticism. The book explores various trends and movements in literature, reflecting on their social and historical context as viewed by Soviet literary critics of the 1970s.