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Pour une sociologie du roman

Dans cet ouvrage majeur, Lucien Goldmann développe une approche sociologique de la littérature en proposant une analyse structurale et génétique du genre romanesque. L'auteur examine les rapports complexes entre les structures littéraires et les structures sociales, notamment à travers l'étude des romans de Malraux et des réflexions sur le nouveau roman. En croisant les méthodes sociologiques avec l'analyse textuelle, Goldmann démontre comment les œuvres romanesques reflètent et médiatisent les transformations de la société contemporaine et les préoccupations fondamentales de l'homme dans le monde moderne.

O'rta asrlar Sharq allomalari va mutafakkirlarining tarixiy merosi, uning zamonaviy sivilizatsiya rivojidagi roli va ahamiyati

Ushbu to'plam 2014-yil 15-16-may kunlari Samarqand shahrida bo'lib o'tgan xalqaro konferensiya materiallarini o'z ichiga oladi. Kitobda O'rta asrlar Sharq allomalari va mutafakkirlarining boy ilmiy-ma'naviy merosi, ularning zamonaviy sivilizatsiya taraqqiyotiga qo'shgan hissasi, fan, madaniyat, tibbiyot va ta'lim sohalaridagi kashfiyotlarining bugungi kundagi ahamiyati chuqur tahlil qilinadi. Shuningdek, O'zbekiston Respublikasi Prezidenti Islom Karimovning konferensiya ochilishidagi nutqi ham keltirilgan bo'lib, unda tarixiy merosni o'rganish va kelajak avlodga yetkazishning dolzarb vazifalari belgilab berilgan.

National Lexicography Units: Past, Present, Future

This article deals with the national dictionary offices of the previous bilingual dispensation, the eleven official national dictionary offices in the present multilingual dispensation in South Africa, and the future prospects of these offices. It discusses the past dispensation in terms of the need and reasons for the establishment of national dictionary offices, i.e. national lexicography units (NLUs). Attention is given to the prescripts of the National Lexicography Units Bill (1996) for the establishment of NLUs, as well as the transfer of these units from the Department of Arts, Culture, Science and Technology to the Pan South African Language Board. The restructuring of dictionary units that existed prior to the multilingual dispensation is considered, together with the establishment of new dictionary units for the official African languages. The present situation is dealt with by describing the status quo at the NLUs in terms of housing, administration, funding, management, training, computerisation, cooperation, production and the like. The article concludes with some questions and reservations about the future of the NLUs, followed by a number of apposite recommendations.

METÁFORAS E LINGUÍSTICA DE CORPUS: METODOLOGIA DE ANÁLISE APLICADA A UM GÊNERO DE NEGÓCIOS

O presente trabalho visa a relatar o desenvolvimento de uma metodologia de identificação de metáforas em corpora eletrônicos. Como exemplo, foi tomado o gênero teleconferências de apresentação de resultados financeiros. A metodologia é do tipo bottom-up / corpus-driven e se baseia na identificação de palavras com frequência marcante (palavras-chave) e de seus padrões de co-ocorrência, seguido do cálculo de similaridade semântica entre essas palavras. Com isso, chega-se a um conjunto de palavras que são então interpretadas em seu co-texto, por meio de concordâncias.

Materials of the International Conference «Upbringing of Educated and Intellectually Advanced Generation as the Most Important Condition of Sustainable Development and Modernization of the Country»

The book contains materials from the International Conference held in Tashkent on February 16-17, 2012. It includes the addresses of the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan Islam Karimov and the President of the Asian Development Bank Haruhiko Kuroda, as well as plenary session statements and insights from international experts on educational reforms, youth development, and sustainable national modernization in the context of globalization and economic challenges.

MANAGING TASK-RELATED TROUBLE IN L2 ORAL PROFICIENCY TESTS: CONTRASTING INTERACTION DATA AND RATER ASSESSMENT

The present study takes as an empirical point of departure the nature of interaction in second language speaking tests. We examine the relationship between ratings of students’ performance in an oral proficiency test and the social practice of conducting ‘test talk’. Using conversation analysis, our focal point is how students in peer-driven test interactions manage trouble related to the task-at-hand. Given that students were assessed not only on their linguistic skills, but also on their interactional ability and treatment of topics assigned, our emphasis on task management stems from a hypothesis that orientation to the test task is intimately connected to overall test outcome. We demonstrate that different types of task-related trouble (TRT) reveal diverse understandings of the test task and that ‘doing-being a successful task manager’ is connected to a moderate orientation to the task and test format. Students displaying such task management strategies were also assessed as highly proficient, whereas other task management strategies identified in our study correlated with low scores and grades. However, the relationship between subskill ratings and task management was not always clear-cut. We argue that the diverging understandings of the test task that learners display become part of how they are assessed and that certain task management strategies are rated less favorably than others. Our study holds promise for the fine-tuning of oral proficiency subskill ratings and raises questions as to the framing of test tasks, since this appears to have implications for student performance and evaluation.

Literatur, Sprache und Institution

Der vorliegende Band versammelt verschiedene Beiträge, die sich mit den komplexen Wechselwirkungen zwischen Literatur, Sprache und institutionellen Rahmenbedingungen befassen. Im Fokus stehen dabei sowohl literaturwissenschaftliche Analysen als auch sprachwissenschaftliche Fragestellungen, die den Einfluss von Institutionen auf die Produktion, Rezeption und Interpretation von Texten untersuchen. Ergänzt wird die Sammlung durch Berichte zu wissenschaftlichen Auszeichnungen wie dem Wendelin Schmidt-Dengler-Preis sowie aktuelle Vorträge zu Themen wie der institutionellen Rolle der Medien, der Rolle von Gattungen in der Literaturwissenschaft und sprachkritischen Ansätzen bei Autoren wie Fritz Mauthner.

Linguistic Politeness and Greeting Rituals in German-speaking Switzerland

This paper describes the results of research into linguistic politeness in German-speaking Switzerland (GSS) and into one type of politeness in particular, namely the speech acts of greeting and leave-taking denoted by the German verb grüssen. The research examines how speakers of Swiss German, both young and old, adhere to strict conventions of polite behavior. Through a qualitative survey, the author explores the social significance of greeting rituals, the concept of face needs in communication, and the importance of phatic communication, grooming talk, and local conventions in maintaining social cohesion and expressing respect and affection.

Les formes du sens: Études de linguistique française, médiévale et générale offertes à Robert Martin à l'occasion de ses 60 ans

Cet ouvrage collectif constitue un hommage rendu au linguiste Robert Martin à l'occasion de son soixantième anniversaire. Il rassemble des études spécialisées en linguistique française, médiévale et générale, explorant les multiples facettes du sens dans le langage, la structure des formes linguistiques et les enjeux théoriques de la discipline.

Les femmes et le langage selon Charles Bally: "des moments de décevante inadvertance"?

Cet article examine l'œuvre du linguiste suisse Charles Bally sous l'angle de la problématique du genre et du langage, un domaine souvent désigné sous l'appellation 'Language and Gender'. L'auteure souligne que, bien que Bally soit surtout connu pour ses travaux sur l'énonciation et la stylistique, il a abordé à plusieurs reprises, de manière éparse, des questions liées au traitement des femmes et du féminin par la langue française. L'objectif est de mettre en lumière ces réflexions, souvent ignorées par la tradition linguistique, et de démontrer que Bally ne se limitait pas à une vision purement formelle du genre grammatical, mais qu'il considérait la langue comme un fait social en résonance avec des idéologies et des croyances collectives.

Learning to Disambiguate Syntactic Relations

This article describes a fast broad-coverage state-of-the-art parser that uses a carefully hand-written grammar and probability-based machine learning approaches on the syntactic level. It is shown in detail which statistical learning models based on Maximum-Likelihood Estimation (MLE) can support a highly developed linguistic grammar in the disambiguation process, combining deep-linguistic dependency grammar with probabilistic scores for improved performance and efficiency.

Learning Document Similarity Using Natural Language Processing

This paper addresses the challenge of organizing large collections of unstructured text documents into meaningful groups to improve browsing and visualization. The authors utilize Self-Organizing Maps (SOMs) to create a 2-dimensional visual map of document collections. To overcome the computational efficiency challenges associated with creating these maps, the study proposes linguistically-motivated methods for reducing document representation, specifically by selecting prominent words based on their syntactic position. Additionally, the paper explores the impact of word sense disambiguation techniques on the quality of the clusters produced in SOMs, utilizing the Fips parsing system for syntactic analysis and a context-based approach for word sense disambiguation, tested on the Reuters document collection.

La liberté en traduction

Ce volume rassemble les actes du colloque international tenu à l'E.S.I.T. en juin 1990. Il explore la notion de liberté dans le domaine de la traduction, en examinant les contraintes, les marges de manœuvre du traducteur et les fondements théoriques de la traductologie. Les contributions offrent des perspectives variées sur les enjeux linguistiques, culturels et didactiques liés à la pratique de la traduction.

Kommunikation über Grenzen: Aktuelle Ansätze zur interkulturellen Verständigung

Kommunikation über kulturelle Grenzen hinweg ist das ideologisch-politische Programm des indischen Staates seit seiner Gründung („Unity in Diversity“), jedoch hat die Öffnung der indischen Ökonomie und Märkte vor anderthalb Jahrzehnten zu einer Konfrontation der indischen Gesellschaft mit anderen Gesellschaften und Kulturen geführt wie nie zuvor. Die technischen Errungenschaften der neuen Medien haben zudem die Kommunikation erheblich erleichtert. Die Fremdsprachen-Abteilungen der Universitäten im Lande haben infolgedessen eine qualitative Verschiebung in ihrer Zielsetzung erlebt: nicht nur das Verständnis von gedruckten Texten in Fremdsprachen ist heute von Relevanz sondern zunehmend auch die Gesellschaften und Kulturen, in denen diese Sprachen gesprochen werden. Vor diesem Hintergrund organisierte die German Section of the Department of Foreign Languages, University of Pune, eine internationale interdisziplinäre Konferenz in Pune (7.-9. Januar 2008), bei der verschiedene praktische sowie theoretische Ansätze vorgestellt wurden, die den Prozess und die Mechanismen der interkulturellen Verständigung analysieren. Diese Publikation ist eine Sammlung von Beiträgen, die im Rahmen dieser Konferenz entstanden sind; sie stellen gegenwärtige theoretische Positionen, Forschungsmethoden sowie die Praxis der interkulturellen Kommunikation vor.

Journalism, Media, and Technology Trends and Predictions 2022

This report explores key trends and predictions for the journalism and media industry in 2022, focusing on digital transformation, business models, audience strategies, and the impact of emerging technologies like AI, the metaverse, and Web3. Based on insights from 246 news leaders across 52 countries, the document addresses critical challenges such as digital advertising shifts, subscription fatigue, the move towards hybrid newsrooms, and the complexities of covering sensitive topics like climate change in an era of heightened social polarization.

Innovative Pragmatic Codes in Ugandan English: A Relevance-theoretic Account

The paper investigates innovative pragmatic codes in Ugandan English within the conceptual framework of Relevance Theory. It explores how Ugandan English speakers use modified expressions, calques, and lexical innovations to achieve optimal relevance, balancing their linguistic abilities and preferences with the addressee's processing effort. By analyzing examples such as 'safe house', 'to dirten', and 'to go for a short/long call', the study demonstrates that these innovations often provide extra cognitive effects not present in native English varieties, serving both semantic and euphemistic functions. The research relies on local newspapers and field observations to validate these pragmatic developments.